Safety and immune responses to attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi oral live vector vaccines expressing tetanus toxin fragment C

Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi vaccine strain CVD 908-htrA wa s used as a vector to deliver fragment C of tetanus toxin as a single-dose oral tetanus vaccine candidate to elicit protective levels of serum tetanus antitoxin. Twenty-one healthy adult volunteers received doses of 1.6 x 10( 7) to 8.2 x 10(9) CFU of one of two strains, CVD 908-hfrA (pTETnir15) of CV D 908-htrA(pTETlpp), which contained plasmid-encoded fragment C, with sodiu m bicarbonate, and the safety and immune responses to serovar Typhi antigen s and tetanus toxin were assessed. No volunteer had fever or positive blood cultures after vaccination, although diarrhea occurred in 3 volunteers and vomiting in 2 volunteers within 3 weeks after vaccination. Most volunteers excreted the vaccine strain in the first 72 h after vaccination. Three of nine volunteers who received 10(8) CFU or higher doses of the CVD 908-htrA( pTETlpp) construct developed rises in serum antitoxin antibodies. The serum and cellular immune responses to serovar Typhi antigens were less frequent than those previously observed in volunteers who ingested the parent strai n CVD 908-htrA. This study demonstrates that fragment C of tetanus toxin de livered orally to volunteers in an S. Typhi vector can elicit protective le vels of serum antitoxin. (C) 2000 Academic Press.