Sr. Sweetland et Wk. Hoy, School characteristics and educational outcomes: Toward an organizational model of student achievement in middle schools, EDUC ADMIN, 36(5), 2000, pp. 703-729
Empowerment is defined and measured in terms of teachers' power to control
critical decisions about leaching and learning conditions. This research fi
rst considers the relationship, between school climate and teacher empowerm
ent and then the relationship between teacher empowerment and school effect
iveness, which includes measures of mathematics and reading achievement in
86 middle schools. The results support the pivotal importance of teacher em
powerment in rite effectiveness of schools. Finally, a theoretical model is
proposed to explain the linkages between organizational characteristics an
d student achievement.