Biomedical aspects of electrochemical methods of analysis

This review covers studies concerning the application of electroanalysis to biology, medicine, and pharmacy; modern practices of improving selectivity in determinations based on the use of modified electrodes and ion-selectiv e electrodes; and biosensors with various modifications of their sensing el ements, which give a response both under batch conditions and in a liquid f low. Problems of the in vivo determination of ultratrace amounts of substan ces (at a level of zeptomoles) in small volumes of liquids las small as sev eral picoliters) in living cells are discussed.