A longitudinal epidemiologic study of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders from 15 to 35 years of age

Aims: To study the development over 20 years of signs and symptoms of tempo romandibular disorders (TMD) in air epidemiologic sample and to analyze pos sible correlations between these signs and symptoms and some other variable s. Methods: The original group comprised 135 randomly selected 15-year-old subjects who were examined clinically and by means of a questionnaire for s igns and symptoms of TMD. The examination was repeated after 5, 10, and 20 years by the same methods. After 20 years, when the original group had reac hed the age of 35 years, 124 individuals (92%) could be traced, and they we re sent a questionnaire and invited for a clinical examination. The respons e rate was high: 114 subjects (92%) completed and returned the questionnair e, and 100 subjects (81%) attended the clinical examination. Results: There was a substantial fluctuation of both reported symptoms and clinically rec orded signs over the 20-year period, but progression to severe pain and dys function of the masticatory system was rare. In both the 15-year-old and 35 -year-old subjects, 13% reported 1 or more frequent TMD symptoms. At age 35 , only 3 subjects (3%) were classified as having severe or moderate clinica l signs of dysfunction according to the Helkimo Index, fewer than in previo us investigations. Women reported TMD symptoms and headache and had muscle tenderness and joint sounds more often than men. Correlations between the s tudied variables were mainly weak. Among the highest correlations found (r( s) = 0.4) were those between reported clenching and bruxing habits and TMJ sounds and law fatigue. Conclusion: In this epidemiologic sample followed f ront age 15 to 35 years, a substantial fluctuation of TMD signs and symptom s was found over time. Progression to severe pain and dysfunction was extre mely rare.