Is. Escobar et al., Nucleation and inhibition control during the hydrothermal-electrochemical growth of barium titanate films, J AM CERAM, 83(11), 2000, pp. 2673-2676
The control of the microstructure of BaTiO3 films grown on titanium by the
hydrothermal-electrochemical method was investigated. Experiments were cond
ucted in a three-electrode high-pressure electrochemical cell in a 0.1M Ba(
OH)(2) electrolyte at 150 degreesC. Results showed that the spontaneous ini
tial nucleation linked to pure hydrothermal BaTiO3 formation can be inhibit
ed by cathodically protecting the titanium electrode from the moment it is
immersed in the electrolyte. The application of initial nucleation pulses o
f varying cathodic potentials affected the grain size of the deposit. It is
suggested that the formation of a titanium oxide layer is a necessary step
previous to the nucleation of BaTiO3.