The last 40 years have witnessed important changes in the understanding and
treatment of oncohematological affections. Palliative therapy was graduall
y replaced by chemotherapy (CT) which rapidly proved unexpectedly effective
. In 1948, the first antifolic drugs, aminopterin and methotrexate, were di
scovered, followed in 1950 by the corticoids and in 1953 by antipurine agen
ts. By 1967, a combination of these drugs yielded a survival index of 50% i
n acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with a progressive increase in all imp
ortant cancer centers today, including in GATLA (Argentine Group for Acute
Leukemia). As for acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) the CT results were not
as spectacular although now there is a 25% survival index which reaches 40
-50% in young adults. As for allogeneic transplant in acute leukemia, its u
se must be evaluated for each patient and for each circumstance. Leukemias
are genetic diseases for which gene therapy undoubtedly has potential value
. However, the problems raised by the election of the right gene or gene ma
rker and specially of the adequate vector have not yet been solved. In Hodg
kin's disease, the results obtained with CT since the decade of the 60s hav
e been spectacular and today different combinations of drugs have yielded a
survival rate above 80%. Immunotherapy with or without CT has opened up a
completely new and promising field. The route from basic research to clinic
al application has been long and arduous but the results obtained in leukem
ia and lymphomas have undoubtedly been life-saving and hopefully will open
up even better possibilities in the near future.