Letter-detection patterns in German: A window to the early extraction of sentential structure during reading

Letters are more difficult to detect in function words than in content word s, presumably because function words serve to cue sentential structure but recede to the background as meaning unfolds. This function disadvantage was found for the definite article in German for all three genders and all fou r cases, but it was more pronounced when the article appeared in a nominati ve noun phrase than in an object noun phrase. It was also more pronounced f or the typical subject-predicate-object sentential format than for the obje ct-predicate-subject sentential format and also when the definite article u nequivocally specified the case of a phrase than when it was ambiguous. The results suggest that the structural frames established on line in reading are finely tuned to both phrase-level and sentence-level organization.