PHYSIOLOGICAL-EFFECTS OF THE DETERGENT LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE ON BLUE MUSSEL LARVAE (MYTILUS-EDULIS) IN LABORATORY AND MESOCOSM EXPERIMENTS

A series of laboratory (short-term exposure in small beakers) studies and a 19 d mesocosm (6 m(3) polyethylene bags filled with fjord water) study were conducted on blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, larvae and plant igrades exposed to a concentration gradient of the detergent linear al kylbenzene sulphonate (LAS, 0 to 39 mg l(-1)). LAS is increasingly fou nd in nearshore environments receiving wastewater from urban treatment plants. The aims were to observe physiological effects on swimming, g razing and growth in the laboratory and effects on settling and popula tion development at in situ conditions (in field mesocosms) in order t o evaluate the damages on ciliated meroplankton caused by LAS. In the laboratory the larvae showed a 50% mortality at 3.8 mg LAS l(-1) after 96 h exposure whether or not food was provided. Additionally the swim ming behaviour was affected at 0.8 mg LAS l(-1) (i.e. a more compact s wimming track, a smaller diameter of the swimming tracks, and reduced swimming speed). The larval particle grazing was reduced 50% at 1.4 mg LAS l(-1). The specific growth rate of the larvae was reduced to half at 0.82 mg LAS l(-1) over 9 d. During the mesocosm experiment, the la rval population showed a dramatic decrease in abundance within 2 d at concentrations as low as 0.08 mg LAS l(-1), both due to a significantl y increased mortality, but also due to settling. The settling success was reduced at the same LAS concentration as that at which mortality w as observed to increase significantly. In addition to reduced settling rate, the larvae showed delayed metamorphosis and reduced shell growt h as a response to LAS. Our hypothesis that the larval ciliary apparat us, crucial for normal swimming, orientation, and settling behaviours and for particle uptake, was damaged due to LAS exposure is supported by our results. This is confirmed by the physiological data (grazing, growth) and in the direct video-based observations of larval performan ce (swimming) and provides a reasonable explanation for what was obser ved in the bags (abundance, settling, mortality). These physiological effects on blue mussel larvae/plantigrades occurred at LAS concentrati ons reported to occur in estuarine waters.