Trends in waist-to-hip ratio and its determinants in adults in Finland from 1987 to 1997

Background: Although abdominal obesity has been shown to be an important ri sk factor for cardiovascular disease and a variety of other diseases, secul ar changes in fat distribution in populations have rarely been documented. Objective: Our objective was to assess trends in waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) i n the Finnish population during a 10-y period. In addition, we investigated the associations of WHR with body mass index (BMI), age, education, and li festyle factors. Design: Three independent cross-sectional surveys were carried out at 5-y i ntervals between 1987 and 1997. Altogether, 15 096 randomly selected men an d women aged 25-64 y participated in these surveys. Results: The WHR increased in both men and women during the 10-y period (P < 0.0001). In men, the strongest upward trend took place in the first 5-y p eriod and then seemed to plateau; in women, the WHR continued to increase i nto the 1990s. In both sexes, the most prominent increase was observed in s ubjects aged <greater than or equal to> 45 y. The WHR increased in all educ ation-level groups, the lowest WHR being among those with the highest educa tion. Age (18% in men, 12% in women) and BMI (33% in men, 25% in women) acc ounted for most of the variation in WHR, whereas only 3% was explained by e ducation and lifestyle factors. Conclusions: Abdominal obesity is a growing problem in Finland, especially in persons aged greater than or equal to 45 y. These adverse changes in bod y shape continued to take place, particularly in women, in the 1990s.