Cultures and communities in the anthropology of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union

Ethnographies and anthropological analyses of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union published in the last decade have been shaped by two major ci rcumstances. First, they reflect the discursive possibilities opened up by the political upheavals of November 1989 in Eastern Europe and of August 19 91 in the Soviet Union; second, they express and represent the theoretical heterogeneity of contemporary American anthropology. We can characterize an thropological work in the former Soviet Union as attempts to use and explor e the concept of culture in various sites of social, economic, and politica l transformation. By contrast, anthropologists studying postsocialist socie ties in Eastern Europe have turned from analyses of the cultural practices of groups on the margins of modernizing state projects to accounts of how c ommunities are shaped by systemic changes in the political economy of state s.