The transition to environmental agriculture in Europe: Learning processes and knowledge networks

Environmental policies in agriculture have now been fully incorporated into policy throughout Europe both within and outside of the European Union. On e of the cornerstones to the successful implementation of these policies is both the willingness and ability of farmers to implement them. Many actors influence both the formulation and implementation of such policies, from g overnments through pressure groups and the agricultural knowledge networks (AKNs) in various countries, to farmers themselves. In assessing the princi pal objectives of all of these actors, it can be seen that none has environ mental goals as their principal objective, and the development of policies is thus both difficult and a residual priority. This situation is likely to be ameliorated not through a focus on more effective policy instruments fo r agri-environmental polices, but through adjustments of administrative str uctures for both their development and in carrying them out.