The VMAT2 gene in mice and humans: amphetamine responses, locomotion, cardiac arrhythmias, aging, and vulnerability to dopaminergic toxins

Monoamine compartmentalization in monoaminergic neurons uses serial action of the plasma membrane and vesicular monoamine (VAMT2) transporters. We can now define the sequences of the genes encoding these transporters in mice and humans, examine influences of deletions of this gene and alteration in its expression levels in transgenic mice, and identify sequence polymorphis ms in the human VMAT2 gene. Examination of VMAT2 variants can provide poten tial insights into roles for allelic variants at these loci in variant drug responses and in diseases linked to monoaminergic systems, including subst ance abuse and Parkinson's disease.