Radio tomography and borehole radar delineation of the McConnell nickel sulfide deposit, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

In an effort to reduce costs and increase revenues at mines, there is a str ong incentive to develop high-resolution techniques both for near-mine expl oration and for delineation of known orebodies To investigate the potential of high-frequency EM techniques for exploration and delineation of massive sulfide orebodies, radio frequency electromagnetic (RFEM) and ground-penet rating radar (GPR) surveys were conducted in boreholes through the McConnel l massive nickel-copper sulfide body near Sudbury, Ontario, from 1993-1996. Crosshole RFEM data were acquired with a JW-4 electric dipole system betwee n two boreholes on section 2720W. Ten frequencies between 0.5 and 5.0 MHz w ere recorded. Radio signals propagated through the Sudbury Breccia over ran ges of at least 150 m at all frequencies. The resulting radio absorption to mogram clearly imaged the McConnell deposit over 110 m downdip. Signal was extinguished when either antenna entered the sulfide body. However, the exp ected radio shadow did not eventuate when transmitter and receiver were on opposite sides of the deposit. Two-dimensional modeling suggested that diff raction around the edges of the sulfide body could not account for the obse rved held amplitudes. It was concluded at the time that the sulfide body is discontinuous; according to modeling, a gap as small as 5 m could have exp lained the observations. Subsequent investigations by INCO established that pick-up in the metal-cored downhole cables was actually responsible for th e elevated signal levels. Both single-hole reflection profiles and crosshole measurements were acquir ed using RAMAC borehole radar systems, operating at 60 MHz. Detection of ra dar reflections from the sulfide contact was problematic. One coherent refl ection was observed from the hanging-wall contact in single-hole reflection mode. This reflection could be traced about 25 m uphole from the contact. In addition to unfavorable survey geometry, factors which may have suppress ed reflections included host rock heterogeneity, disseminated sulfides, and contact irregularity. Velocity and absorption tomograms were generated in the Sudbury Breccia hos t rock from the crosshole radar. Radar velocity was variable, averaging 125 m/mus, while absorption was typically 0.8 dB/m at 60 MHz. Kirchhoff-style 2-D migration of later arrivals in the crosshole radargrams defined reflect ive zones that roughly parallel the inferred edge of the sulfide body. The McConnell high-frequency EM surveys established that radio tomography a nd simple radio shadowing are potentially valuable for near- and in-mine ex ploration and orebody delineation in the Sudbury Breccia. The effectiveness of borehole radar in this particular environment is less certain.