Jf. Reynolds et al., Effects of long-term rainfall variability on evapotranspiration and soil water distribution in the Chihuahuan Desert: A modeling analysis, PLANT ECOL, 150(1-2), 2000, pp. 145-159
We used the patch arid land simulator (PALS-FT) - a simple, mechanistic eco
system model - to explore long-term variation in evapotranspiration (ET) as
a function of variability in rainfall and plant functional type (FT) at a
warm desert site in southern New Mexico. PALS-FT predicts soil evaporation
and plant transpiration of a canopy composed of five principal plant FTs: a
nnuals, perennial forbs, C-4 grasses, sub-shrubs, and evergreen shrubs. For
each FT, the fractional contribution to transpiration depends upon phenolo
gical activity and cover as well as daily leaf stomatal conductance, which
is a function of plant water potential, calculated from root-weighted soil
water potential in six soil layers. Simulations of water loss from two plan
t community types (grass- vs. shrub-dominated) were carried out for the Jor
nada Basin, New Mexico, using 100 years of daily precipitation data (1891-1
990). In order to emphasize variability associated with rainfall and fundam
ental differences in FT composition between communities, the seasonal patte
rns cover of perennials were held constant from year to year. Because the r
elative amount of year to year cover of winter and summer annual species is
highly variable in this ecosystem, we examined their influence on model pr
edictions of ET by allowing their cover to be variable, fixed, or absent.
Over the entire 100-yr period, total annual ET is highly correlated with to
tal annual rainfall in both community types, although T and E alone are les
s strongly correlated with rainfall, and variation in transpiration is near
ly 3 times greater than evaporation and 2 times greater than variation in r
ainfall (CV of rainfall = 35%). Water use shows a relatively high similarit
y between the grass- and shrub-dominated communities, with a 100-yr average
T/ET of 34% for both communities. However, based on a year-by-year compari
son between communities, T/ET was significantly greater in the grass-domina
ted community, reflecting the fact that over the long term more than half o
f the rain occurs in the summer and is used slightly more efficiently (T ?E
) by the C-4-grass community than the shrub community, although we found so
me rainfall patterns that resulted in much greater T/ET in the shrub commun
ity in a given year. Percent of water lost as transpiration (T/ET) suggests
that while there is a general trend toward increased T/ET with rainfall in
both community types, T/ET is extremely variable over the 100-yr simulatio
n, especially for normal and below normal amounts of rainfall (T/ET values
range from 1 to 58% for the grass-dominated site and 6 to 60% for the shrub
-dominated site).
These predictions suggest that because of the relatively shallow distributi
on of soil water, there is little opportunity for vertical partitioning of
the soil water resource by differential rooting depths of the plant FTs, in
contrast to the two-layer hypothesis of Walter (1971). However, functional
types may avoid competition by keying on particular 'windows' of moisture
availability via differences in phenologies. We found very little differenc
es in average, long-term model predictions of T, E, and ET when annual plan
t cover was variable, fixed, or absent. The results of our simulations help
reconcile some of the disparate conclusions drawn from experimental studie
s about the relative contribution of transpiration vs. evaporation to total
evapotranspiration, primarily by revealing the great year-to-year variabil
ity that is possible.