Limitations of peritoneal lavage with antiseptics in prevention of recurrent colorectal cancer caused by tumor-cell seeding - Experimental study in rats

PURPOSE: Exfoliated or soiled free malignant cells have serious consequence s in patients undergoing gastrointestinal cancer surgery. The present study evaluates the toxicity and efficacy of cytotoxic agents in the prevention of cell seeding and tumor growth in the peritoneal cavity in an experimenta l model, METHODS: Mtln3 adenocarcinoma cell viability was tested in vitro u sing the trypan blue exclusion test after incubation with povidone-iodine o r chlorhexidine. In vivo, Fischer rats were inoculated with 10(5) or 10(6) cells followed by peritoneal lavage with physiological saline, chlorhexidin e 0.02 percent, povidone-iodine low molecular weight 1 percent or povidone- iodine high molecular weight 1 and 2 percent in different quantities and in cubation times. RESULTS: Chlorhexidine 0.02 percent and povidone-iodine low molecular weight 1 percent or high molecular weight 2 percent, killed over 98 percent of 10(5) or 10(6) tumor cells in vitro. Povidone-iodine low mol ecular weight 1 percent and high molecular weight 2 percent were toxic and lethal when 5 mi were applied in the peritoneal cavity three times for five minutes. Chlorhexidine 0.02 percent applied after inoculation of 105 or 10 (6) cells, reduced the tumor development only to 70 and 80 percent. Applica tion of 5 mi povidone-iodine 1 percent low molecular weight or high molecul ar weight, three times for one and five minutes, after inoculation of 10(6) cells did not change the tumor take. However, inhibition of Mtln3 cells to form metastases was observed. When povidone-iodine low molecular weight 1 percent was used three times for one minute after 10(5) tumor cells were "s oiled", no toxicity was observed and the tumor take was reduced to 30 perce nt (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Povidone-iodine toxicity proved to be a major i ssue in vivo. However, povidone-iodine low molecular weight 1 percent was s afe when used for short periods and very effective when a limited number of tumor cells was inoculated. The use of cytotoxic agents to prevent recurre nt disease caused by tumor cell seeding in patients seems to make sense onl y when the "inoculum size" of exfoliated or soiled cancer cells is limited.