Recent free flight proposals to relax airspace constraints and give greater
autonomy to aircraft have raised concerns about their impact on controller
performance. Relaxing route and altitude restrictions would reduce the reg
ularity of traffic through individual sectors, possibly impairing controlle
r situation awareness. We examined the impact of this reduced regularity in
four visual search experiments that tested controllers' detection of traff
ic conflicts in the four conditions created by factorial manipulation of fi
xed routes (present vs, absent) and altitude restrictions (present vs, abse
nt). These four conditions were tested under varying levels of traffic load
and conflict geometry (conflict time and conflict angle). Traffic load and
conflict geometry showed strong and consistent effects in all experiments.
Color coding altitude also substantially improved detection times. In cont
rast, removing altitude restrictions had only a small negative impact, and
removing route restrictions had virtually no negative impact. In some cases
conflict detection was actually better without fixed routes. The-implicati
ons and limitations of these results for the feasibility of free flight are
discussed. Actual or potential applications include providing guidance in
the selection of free flight operational concepts.