How effective are one-to-one tutoring programs in reading for elementary students at risk for reading failure? A meta-analysis of the intervention research

A meta-analysis of supplemental, adult-instructed one-to-one reading interv entions for elementary students at risk for reading failure was conducted. Reading outcomes for 42 samples of students (N = 1,539) investigated in 29 studies reported between 1975 and 1998 had a mean weighted effect size of 0 .41 when compared with controls. Interventions that used trained volunteers or college students were highly effective. For Reading Recovery interventi ons, effects for students identified as discontinued were substantial, wher eas effects for students identified as not discontinued were not significan tly different from zero. Two studies comparing one-to-one with small-group supplemental instruction showed no advantage for the one-to-one programs.