The response of grandstands to dynamic crowd loads

This paper provides an overview of the response of grandstands to dynamic c rowd loading. It summarizes the guidance which is currently available in th e UK and how it has been developed. The interaction between structures and crowds is then considered for both jumping and stationary crowds. A model f or jumping loads is given, and the frequency range for jumping and the dyna mic crowd effect are discussed. Numerical modelling of grandstands and the determination of structural response are considered, together with possible structural modifications to improve dynamic behaviour. Next, the testing o f structures is examined and the results from tests on a range of grandstan ds summarized, including the characteristics of empty structures and respon se to crowd loading during concerts and sports events. Finally, vibration s erviceability levels are considered and some other design considerations di scussed.