The ACE I/D polymorphism and human physical performance

The D allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphism is associated with elevated levels of serum and tissue ACE, increased product ion of the vasopressor angiotensin II and a reduction in the half-life of t he vasodilator bradykinin. Several cardiac and venal conditions appear to h ave a worse prognosis in subjects homozygous for the D allele, whereas the I allele has been associated with enhanced endurance performance in elite d istance runners, rowers avid mountaineers. The nature of the gene-environme nt interaction between ACE I/D polymorphisms and physical training, an over view of recent findings and a discussion of possible underlying mechanisms is the subject of this review.