Subtribal and generic relationship of Maxillarieae (Orchidaceae) with emphasis on Stanhopeinae: combined molecular evidence

The monophyly of and phylogenetic relationships within the orchid tribe Max illarieae Pfitzer were evaluated using parsimony analyses of combined nucle ar ribosomal and plastid DNA sequence data of ITS 1 and 2, matK, and the tr nL intron and the trnL-F intergene spacer. Each of the separate analyses pr oduced highly congruent but weakly supported patterns (by the bootstrap), s o these were combined in a single analysis. Analysis of 90 ingroup taxa (re presenting similar to 35% of currently recognized genera) and four outgroup taxa produced resolved and highly supported cladograms. Based on the clado grams, we recognize six subtribes: Eriopsidinae, Oncidiinae (including Pach yphyllinae. Ornithocephalinae, and Telipogoninae), Stanhopeinae, Coeliopsid inae, Maxillariinae (including Ly castinae and Bifrenariinae), and Zygopeta linae (including Cryptarrheninae. Dichaeinae, Huntleyinae, and Warreinae). Stanhopeinae were sampled most intensively; their generic relationships wer e highly resolved in the analysis and largely agree with currently accepted generic concepts based on morphology. Coeliopsidinae (Coeliopsis, Lycomorm ium, Peristeria) are sister to Stanhopeinae. Correlations are drawn among p hylogeny, pollination mechanisms, and life history traits.