Clues to early Alzheimer dementia in the outpatient setting

Background: As the elderly population booms and the prevalence of dementia soars, it becomes imperative that primary care physicians recognize early d ementia within their own practices. Early recognition and diagnosis of deme ntia will allow appropriate intervention and treatment to improve morbidity . Objective: To examine the most common symptoms associated with early Alzhei mer disease (AD), as presented by patients and their families, and to compa re these with the recommendations of the "7-Minute Screen" by Solomon et al for the identification of AD and the recommendations of the Agency for Hea lth Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) for the early recognition of dementia. Methods: A retrospective medical record review was conducted in an outpatie nt referral population within 2 geriatric evaluation centers. Patient medic al record selection was based on Diagnostic ann Statistical Manual of Menta l Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for AD, a Mini-Mental State Examinatio n (MMSE) score of 23 or higher, a Geriatric Depression Scale score of less than 5, age above 60 years, and at least an eighth-grade level of education . Results: From 1025 medical records reviewed, 50 patients were chosen who fu lfilled all inclusion criteria. Forty patients (80%) missed at least 2, if not all 3, recall items on the MMSE. Thirty patients (60%) had difficulty m anaging finances and/or balancing a checkbook; 16 (32%) frequently repeated stories and statements; 15 (30%) became lost while driving; 10 (20%) frequ ently forgot the names of relatives; and 10 (20%) had poor judgment. These results demonstrated a high correlation with recall as a diagnostic factor in diagnosing early AD as found in the 7-Minute Screen. Moreover, these "cl ues" correlated well with the AHCPR's symp toms that indicate dementia. The symptoms specifically overlapped in the areas of learning and retaining ne w information (repetition), handling complex tasks (calculation), reasoning ability (judgment), and spatial ability and orientation (driving). Conclusions: There may be a constellation of symptoms associated with early AD. This constellation includes missing recall items on the MMSE, difficul ty in calculation, repetition, getting lost while driving, forgetting the n ames of relatives, and having poor judgment. Recall is the symptom most con sistent with the findings of the 7-Minute Screen in diagnosing AD. However, repetition, calculation, judgment, and driving highly correlate with the A HCPR's dementia symptom checklist. Therefore, if primary care physicians ke ep this constellation of symptoms in mind while evaluating their geriatric population, they will have greater ability to suspect, diagnose, and treat AD at an early stage.