T. Kovala et al., EFFECTS OF LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURE TO LEAD ON NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONSAMONG LEAD BATTERY WORKERS, Occupational and environmental medicine, 54(7), 1997, pp. 487-493
Objectives-Assessment of neurophysiological functions in workers with
low level exposure to lead and evaluation of the efficacy of bone lead
measurements in the prediction of effects of lead. Methods-Exposure t
o lead of 60 workers from a lead battery factory was estimated from hi
storical blood lead measurements and analysis of lead in the tibial an
d calcaneal bones with X. ray fluorescence. Peripheral and central ner
vous system functions were assessed by measuring conduction velocities
, sensory distal latencies, sensory amplitudes, and vibration threshol
ds as well as by quantitative measurement of the absolute and relative
powers and mean frequencies of different electroencephalograph (EEG)
channels. Results-Sensory amplitudes, and to a smaller degree sensory
or motor conduction velocities, showed a negative correlation with lon
g term exposure to lead, most clearly with integrated blood lead conce
ntration and exposure time. Vibration thresholds measured in the arm w
ere related to recent exposure to lead, those measured in the leg to l
ong term exposure. The alpha and beta activities of the EEG were more
abundant in subjects with higher long term exposure to lead. Calcaneal
lead content reflected short term exposure, tibial lead content refle
cted long term exposure. Blood lead history showed a closer relation w
ith effects of lead than the tibial or calcaneal lead concentrations.
Conclusions-Vibratory thresholds, quantitative EEG, and to a smaller e
xtent the sensory amplitude, provide sensitive measures of effects of
lead in occupationally exposed adults. Most accurate estimates of heal
th risks induced by lead can be obtained from a good history of blood
lead measurements. If such a history of blood lead concentrations is n
ot available, analysis of bone lead may be used for the assessment of
health risks.