Jr. Alt et al., Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of cyclin D1 nuclear export and cyclin D1-dependent cellular transformation, GENE DEV, 14(24), 2000, pp. 3102-3114
GSK-3 beta -dependent phosphorylation of cyclin D1 at Thr-286 promotes the
nuclear-to-cytoplasmic redistribution of cyclin D1 during S phase of the ce
ll cycle, but how phosphorylation regulates redistribution has not been res
olved. For example, phosphorylation of nuclear cyclin D1 could increase its
rate of nuclear export relative to nuclear import; alternatively, phosphor
ylation of cytoplasmic cyclin D1 by GSK-3 beta could inhibit nuclear import
. Here, we report that GSK-3 beta -dependent phosphorylation promotes cycli
n D1 nuclear export by facilitating the association of cyclin D1 with the n
uclear exportin CRM1. D1-T286A, a cyclin D1 mutant that cannot be phosphory
lated by GSK-3 beta, remains nuclear throughout the cell cycle, a consequen
ce of its reduced binding to CRM1. Constitutive overexpression of the nucle
ar cyclin D1-T286A in murine fibroblasts results in cellular transformation
and promotes tumor growth in immune compromised mice. Thus, removal of cyc
lin D1 from the nucleus during S phase appears essential for regulated cell
division.