Validation of oesophagus temperature recording for detection of prey ingestion on captive Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae)

The efficiency of oesophagus and stomach temperature loggers to detect inge stion of prey items was studied in captive Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adel iae) fed on land in Antarctica and in an aquarium in Japan. On land? the de tection rate was studied for different masses of prey delivered at various frequencies, while in the pool the delay between capture and swallowing was investigated. The rate at which food items were detected and the magnitude of the temperature drops induced were higher in the oesophagus than in the stomach. Where small food items were delivered at a high frequency, birds collected prey items in the beak before swallowing them. Thus, oesophagus s ensors may underestimate the number of prey swallowed if the system is used in the wild. In the oesophagus temperature recordings, the magnitude of dr ops was weakly, but positively, correlated to the mass of single, ingested prey (R-2 = 0.40).