Reactive oxygen species are produced as an early event in plant defense res
ponse against avirulent pathogens, We show here that alfalfa responds to in
fection with Sinorhizobium meliloti by production of superoxide and hydroge
n peroxide. This similarity in the early response to infection by pathogeni
c and symbiotic bacteria addresses the question of which mechanism rhizobia
use to counteract the plant defense response.