Tropical cyclone kinematic structure retrieved from single-Doppler radar observations. Part III: Evolution and structures of Typhoon Alex (1987)

This paper is the third of a series that focuses on the applications of the ground-based velocity track display (GBVTD) technique and the GBVTD-simple x center finding algorithm developed in the previous two papers to a real t ropical cyclone (TC). The evolution and structure of Typhoon Alex (1987), i ncluding full tangential winds, mean radial winds, one component of the mea n flow, and their derived axisymmetric angular momentum and perturbation pr essure fields are reconstructed from 16 volume scans (6.5 h of data with a 2-h gap) from the Civil Aeronautic Administration (CAA) Doppler radar while Typhoon Alex moved across the mountainous area in northern Taiwan. This analysis retrieves a plausible and physically consistent three-dimensi onal primary circulation of a land-falling TC using a single ground-based D oppler radar. Highly asymmetric wind structures were resolved by the GBVTD technique where the maximum relative tangential wind at z = 2 km evolved fr om 52 m s(-1) (before landfall), to less than 40 m s(-1) (after landfall), to less than 35 m s(-1) (entering the East China Sea). Alex's eye began to fill with precipitation while its intensity decreased rapidly after landfal l, a characteristic of circulations disrupted by terrain. The mean radial w ind field revealed a layer of low-level inflow in agreement with past TC ob servations. The outward slope of the eyewall reflectivity maximum was consi stent with the constant angular momentum contours within the eyewall. After Alex entered the East China Sea, its circulation became more axisymmetric. The axisymmetric perturbation pressure field was retrieved using the gradie nt wind approximation, which, when used in conjunction with one or more sur face pressure measurements within the analysis domain, can estimate the cen tral pressure. The retrieved perturbation pressure fields at two time perio ds were compared with surface pressures reported in northern Taiwan. Consid ering the assumptions involved and the influence of terrain, good agreement (only 1-2-mb deviation) was found between them. This agreement indicates t he relative quality of the GBVTD-retrieved axisymmetric circulation and sug gests GBVTD-retrieved quantities can be useful in operational and research applications.