S. Cotin et al., A hybrid elastic model for real-time cutting, deformations, and force feedback for surgery training and simulation, VIS COMPUT, 16(8), 2000, pp. 437-452
We propose three physical models based on linear elasticity theory and fini
te-element modeling that are well-suited for surgery simulation. The first
model combines precomputed deformations to deform large size meshes in real
-time, but cannot make any topological changes to the mesh. The second mode
l is similar to the spring-mass models where volumetric deformations and cu
tting operations can be simulated on small meshes in real time. Finally, we
have developped a third method, combining the previous two solutions into
a hybrid model that simulates deformations and cutting on complex anatomica
l structures.