Identification and quantification of estrogenic compounds in recycled and virgin paper for household use as determined by an in vitro yeast estrogen screen and chemical analysis

The use of recycled paper for the manufacture of food contact materials is widespread, but very little is known about the presence of potential contam inants in the paper. The purpose of this study was to assess the worst-case migration of estrogenic active compounds using extracts of paper for house hold use. Twenty different brands of kitchen rolls, nine of which were made from recycled paper and the remainder from virgin paper, were obtained fro m retail shops. Paper extracts were subjected to (a) determination of the t otal estrogenic activity by using an in vitro estrogen screen based on yeas t cells stably transfected with the human estrogen receptor alpha and (b) c hemical analysis and quantification by GC/MS, GC/FTIR/MS, and GC/FID for de tection of a variety of estrogenic compounds. A marked estrogenic response was observed in nine of the extracts, seven of which were made from recycle d paper and two from virgin paper. The chemical analysis revealed that extr acts made from recycled paper contained levels of bisphenol A ranging from 0.6 to 24 mg/kg of kitchen roll, whereas extracts from virgin paper contain ed no bisphenol A or only negligible amounts. In contrast, 4-tert-octylphen ol, 4-nonylphenols, and di-n-butyl and diisobutyl phthalate were present to a varying degree in both recycled and virgin paper with no apparent prefer able distribution between the two paper types. The estrogenic response of t he two extracts made from virgin paper appeared to be due partly to the pre sence of the preservative propyl paraben. Diisopropylnaphthalene, which tur ned out to be weakly estrogenic active in vitro (EC50 = 53 muM), was detect ed in minor amounts in most of the extracts with the major part, ranging fr om 0.3 to 4.7 mg/kg of paper, found in recycled paper. Our findings that re cycled kitchen rolls contain bisphenol A and other xenoestrogens may apply to other types of recycled paper used for food packaging and emphasize the importance of identifying this and other contaminants in recycled paper in general. These data indicate that bisphenol A may be useful as a purity ind icator for recycled paper.