A meta-analysis of time between maternal sensitivity and attachment assessments: Implications for internal working models in infancy/toddlerhood

This meta-analysis of maternal sensitivity and infant/toddler attachment se curity includes 41 studies with 2243 dyads. Its purpose is to explore the i mpact of time between assessments of maternal sensitivity and attachment se curity on the strength of association between these two constructs. We also examined the interrelationships between this moderator variable and other moderators identified in the literature, such as age and risk status of the sample. We found an overall effect size of r = .27 linking sensitivity to security. However, time between assessment of sensitivity and attachment se curity moderates this effect size, such that: (1) effect sizes decrease dra matically as one moves from concurrent to nonconcurrent assessments, and (2 ) temporally distant assessments are a sufficient condition for small effec t size; that is, if the time between assessments is large, then a relativel y small effect size linking sensitivity and attachment is certain. We also found that time between sensitivity and attachment assessments may account for earlier findings indicating that effect sizes linking sensitivity to se curity differ according to age of child and sample risk status. Findings ar e discussed in terms of internal working models and environmental stability .