Specificity of panic response to CO2 inhalation in panic disorder: A comparison with major depression and premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Objective: The behavioral response to CO2 inhalation has been used to diffe rentiate panic disorder patients from normal subjects and other clinical po pulations. This study extended examination of the diagnostic specificity of CO2-induced anxiety by testing panic disorder patients and clinical popula tions with reported low and high sensitivity to CO2 inhalation (patients wi th major depression and patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder, resp ectively). Method: The behavioral responses to inhalation of 5% and 7% CO2, administer ed by means of a respiratory canopy, were studied in 50 patients with panic disorder, 21 with major depression, and 10 with premenstrual dysphoric dis order and in 34 normal comparison subjects. Occurrence of panic attacks was judged with DSM-IV criteria by a blind rater. Subjects were rated on three behavioral scales at baseline and after each CO2 inhalation. Results: Panic disorder patients had a higher rate of CO2-induced panic att ack; than depressed patients and normal subjects, whose panic rates were no t distinguishable. The panic rate for patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder was similar to that for panic disorder patients and higher than th at for normal subjects. Subjects with CO2-induced panic attacks had similar ly high ratings on the behavioral scales, regardless of diagnosis, includin g the small number of panicking normal subjects. Seven percent CO2 was a mo re robust panicogen than 5%, and response to 7% CO2 better distinguished pa nic disorder patients from normal subjects than response to 5% CO2. Conclusions: Patients with panic disorder and patients with premenstrual dy sphoric disorder are highly susceptible to CO2-induced panic attacks, and d epressed patients appear to be insensitive to CO2 inhalation. The symptoms of CO2-induced panic attacks have a similar intensity regardless of the sub ject's diagnosis.