Insect herbivores and the nutrient flow from the canopy to the soil in coniferous and deciduous forests

Phytophagous insects can have severe impacts on forested ecosystems in outb reak situations but their contribution to flows of energy and matter is oth erwise not so well known. Identifying the role of phytophagous insects in f orested ecosystems is partly hindered by the difficulty of combining result s from population and community ecology with those from ecosystem ecology. In our study we compared the effects of aphids and leaf-feeding lepidoptero us larvae on the epiphytic micro-organisms in the canopies of spruce, beech and oak, and on the vertical flow of energy and nutrients from the canopie s down to the forest floor. We particularly searched for patterns resulting from endemic herbivory rather than outbreak situations. Excreta of lepidop terous larvae and aphids promoted the growth of epiphytic micro-organisms ( bacteria, yeasts, filamentous fungi) on needles and leaves, which suggests that micro-organisms were energy limited. Leachates from needles and leaves of infested trees contained higher concentrations of dissolved organic C a nd lower concentrations of NH4-N and NO3-N, relative to uninfested trees. T he seasonal abundance of herbivores and microorganisms significantly affect ed the dynamics of throughfall chemistry; for instance, concentrations of i norganic N were lower underneath infested than uninfested trees during June and July. There was little difference between the chemistry of soil soluti ons collected from the forest floor beneath infested and uninfested trees. Thus, under moderate to low levels of infestation the effects of above-grou nd herbivory seems to be obscured in the soil through buffering biological processes.