Pg. Georgiev et al., Insulators and long-distance interactions between regulatory elements in higher eukaryotes, RUSS J GEN, 36(12), 2000, pp. 1336-1343
Enhancers can activate a promoter located as far as several hundred kilobas
es away, which is specific for transcription regulation in higher eukaryote
s. Notwithstanding the vast information accumulated on transcription regula
tion at various levels, the mechanism of long-distance enhancer-promoter in
teractions is still obscure. Modern views of insulators as elements modulat
ing enhancer-promoter interactions are reviewed.