Effect of the shape of the soil hydraulic functions near saturation on variably-saturated flow predictions

Relatively small changes in the shape of the soil water retention curve nea r saturation can significantly affect the results of numerical simulations of variably saturated flow, including the performance of the numerical sche me itself in terms of stability and rate of convergence. In this paper, we use a modified form of the van Genuchten-Mualem (VGM) soil hydraulic functi ons to account for a very small, but non-zero minimum capillary height, h(s ), in the soil water retention curve. The modified VGM model is contrasted with the original formulation by comparing simulation results for infiltrat ion in homogeneous soils assuming both constant pressure and constant flux boundary conditions. The two models gave significantly different results fo r infiltration in fine-textured soils, even for h(s)-values as small as -1 cm. Incorporating a small minimum capillary height in the hydraulic propert ies leads to less non-linearity in the hydraulic conductivity function near saturation and, because of this, to more stable numerical solutions of the flow equation. This study indicates an urgent need for experimental studie s that assess the precise shape of the hydraulic conductivity curve near sa turation, especially for relatively fine-textured soils. For one example we found considerable improvement in the predicted conductivity function when a value of -2 cm for h(s) was used in the modified VGM model. (C) 2000 Els evier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.