Distribution of angle-of-arrival and delay from array of buildings placed an rough terrain for various elevations of base station antenna

A unified three-dimensional probabilistic model is presented to describe mu ltipath phenomena in various built-up areas with randomly distributed build ings placed on rough tel rain. The joint information regarding angle-of-arr ival and time delay spread is obtained through study of the main propagatio n mechanisms in urban wireless communication channels. Comparison with othe r models and with measurements carl icd out in different urban environments is presented. it is shown that in dense urban areas the distribution of th e obstructions surrounding the base station and the moving vehicle, as well as the elevations of both antennas contribute tl, the signal power profile s in the space and time domains. Using a combination of the statistical des cription of the built-up ttl-rain and the 3D deterministic approach based o n Kirchhoff approximation, the effects of scattering and diffraction phenom ena on signal power spatial and temporal distribution are examined.