Laparoscopic nephropexy

Although there has long been debate about the existence of nephroptosis, co ntemporary radiologic and biochemical studies confirm its existence. Both p ercutaneous and laparoscopic operations are available for fixing the kidney , with high early success rates. Objective documentation of the diagnosis i s mandatory. Further studies with validated quality-of-life and pain questi onnaires are needed to determine the long-term success of nephropexy.