A systematic analysis has been performed that predicts the existence o
f 36 cases in which 100% modulated, square-wave irradiance distributio
ns can be generated in the Fresnel regime by simple binary phase grati
ngs. These types of distributions, referred to here as Lohmann images,
have been previously predicted by researchers studying phase gratings
known as Talbot array illuminators, Twenty of the cases are reported,
to the best of my knowledge, for the first time. Sixteen of these new
cases result in Lohmann images with twice the spatial frequency of th
e original grating. Experimental verifications of the theoretical pred
ictions are presented. (C) 1997 Optical Society of America.