Attention training in the cognitive rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients: a review of efficacy studies

Objective: To review the literature on effects of attention and cognitive t raining on attentional functioning in schizophrenic patients. Method: Relevant efficacy studies were identified by literature searches (i n Medline, Current Contents, Psyclit, and Psyndex databases) and through th e reference lists of key papers. Results: Re-examination of findings from nine methodologically adequate stu dies using computer-based or non-computer-based training procedures provide d inconsistent results. On 16 of 35 outcome measures significant performanc e improvements were observed from pre-treatment to post-treatment but on th e majority of the applied measures no performance improvement could be dete rmined. In general, treatment effect sizes but also power of tests were low . For nearly all the outcome measures for which differential training effec ts were reported there also exist contradictory outcome results. Conclusion: There is inconclusive evidence that attention training is effec tive in schizophrenia. Longitudinal efficacy studies are needed in which di fferent aspects of attention are systematically exercised and assessed.