Cognitive biases and addiction: an evolution in theory and method

An evolution in theoretical models and methodological paradigms for investi gating cognitive biases in the addictions is discussed. Anomalies in tradit ional cognitive perspectives, and problems with the self-report methods whi ch underpin them, are highlighted. An emergent body of cognitive research, contextualized within the principles and paradigms of cognitive neuropsycho logy rather than social learning theory, is presented which, it is argued, addresses these anomalies and problems. Evidence is presented that biases i n the processing of addiction-related stimuli, and in the network of propos itions which motivate addictive behaviours, occur at automatic, implicit an d pre-conscious levels of awareness. It is suggested that methods which ass ess such implicit cognitive biases (e.g. Stroop, memory, priming and reacti on-time paradigms) yield findings which have better predictive utility for ongoing behaviour than those biases determined by self-report methods of in trospection. The potential utility of these findings for understanding "los s of control" phenomena, and the desynchrony between reported beliefs and i ntentions and ongoing addictive behaviours, is discussed. Applications to t he practice of cognitive therapy are considered.