Choanal atresia, charge association, and congenital nasal stenosis

Congenital bilateral narrowing or obstruction of the nasal airway can resul t in significant respiratory distress in the neonate, requiring emergency i ntervention. Some of these children have associated congenital malformation s that may also impact on the management of the nasal anomaly. The embryolo gy, presentation, and management of this spectrum of disorders are discusse d, and the major surgical controversies are reviewed.