Dual processes in recognition: Does a focus on measurement operations provide a sufficient foundation?

Current theoretical thinking about dual processes in recognition relies hea vily on the measurement operations embodied within the process dissociation procedure. We critically evaluate the ability of this procedure to support this theoretical enterprise. We show that there are alternative processes that would produce a rough invariance in familiarity (a key prediction of t he dual-processing approach) and that the process dissociation procedure do es not have the power to differentiate between these alternative possibilit ies. We also show that attempts to relate parameters estimated by the proce ss dissociation procedure to subjective reports (remember-know judgments) c annot differentiate between alternative dual-processing models and that the re are problems with some of the historical evidence and with obtaining con verging evidence. Our conclusion is that more specific theories incorporati ng ideas about representation and process are required.