Testing the counter model for perceptual identification: Effects of repetition priming and word frequency

The counter model for perceptual identification (Ratcliff & McKoon, 1997) d iffers from alternative views of word recognition in two important ways. Fi rst, it assumes that prior study of a word does not result in increased sen sitivity but, rather, in bias. Second, the effects of word frequency and pr ior study are explained by different mechanisms. In the present experiment, study status and word frequency of target and foil were varied independent ly. Using a forced-choice task, we replicated the bias effect. However, we also found several interactions between frequency and prior study that are in direct conflict with the counter model. Most important, prior study of b oth alternatives resulted in an attenuation of the frequency effect and an increase in performance for low-frequency targets, but not for high-frequen cy targets. These findings suggest that the effects of frequency and prior study are not mediated by completely independent mechanisms.