The causes and consequences of particulate air pollution in urban India: Asynthesis of the science

Indian megacities are among the most polluted in the world. Air concentrati ons of a number of air pollutants are much higher than levels recommended b y the World Health Organization. In this paper, we focus on Mumbai and Delh i to characterize salient issues in health risks from particulate air (PM10 ) pollution in Indian cities. We perform a synthesis of the literature for all elements of the causal chain of health risks-sources, exposure, and hea lth effects-and provide estimates of source strengths, exposure levels, and health risks from air pollution in Indian cities. We also analyze the fact ors that lead to uncertainty in these quantities and provide an overall ass essment of the state of scientific knowledge on air pollution in urban Indi a.