Graded unilateral cervical spinal cord injury in the rat: evaluation of forelimb recovery and histological effects

The purpose of this study was to develop a model of unilateral cervical (C4 -C5) spinal cord contusion injury in the rat and to characterize the functi onal and histological consequences following three injury levels using a ne w weight-drop spinal cord injury device. We evaluated forepaw/forelimb and hindlimb functions by: (1) a horizontal ladder beam measuring paw misplacem ents and slips; and (2) the forelimb preference test which measures the for elimb used for pushing off to rear, for support, and to land on after reari ng. Rats with a mild spinal cord injury displayed primarily a forepaw defic it (forepaw misplacements) for 8 weeks after injury. Paw preference also im proved after injury. but failed to reach control levels even after 12 weeks . These rats had damage primarily to the rubrospinal, spinocervicothalamic. and the uncrossed lateral corticospinal tracts in the dorsolateral funicul us a well as some loss of the lateral spinothalamic tracts in the lateral f uniculus. Rats with a moderate injury had a prominent forepaw deficit still evident at 12 weeks after injury as well as a mild but not significant hin dlimb deficit. Paw preference improved slightly 12 weeks. There was a large r lesion in the dorsolateral and lateral funiculi than in mildly injured ra ts which extended into the ventrolateral funiculi. There was a significant loss of gray matter compared to rats with a mild injury. Rats with a severe injury displayed significant forelimb and hindlimb deficits throughout the 12 week testing period compared to rats with a mild or moderate injury. an d also had a more severe paw preference bias (90%). The lesion encompassed the entire dorsolateral, lateral and ventrolateral funiculi with some disru ption of the ventral funiculus. There was more significant gray matter necr osis compared to rats with either a mild or moderate injury. Thus, the spin al cord injury device we used may be useful for studying graded cervical sp inal cord injury in rats acid potential treatments or interventions, becaus e both the behavioral and histological effects are reproducible and consist ent. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.