Women experience a sharp decline in fecundity after the age of 40. Mos
t research points to decreasing oocyte competency and ovarian function
as the main causes of this downward trend. Aggressive treatment with
in-vitro fertilization, laboratory techniques that improve the implant
ation ability of embryos, and ovum donation can help many of these wom
en achieve healthy pregnancies. Such medical advances are accompanied
by new ethical challenges.