Prostaglandin E-2 up-regulates macrophage-derived chemokine production butsuppresses IFN-Inducible protein-10 production by APC

PGE(2) has been known to suppress Th1 responses. We studied the role of PGE (2) in two representative chemokines, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) an d IFN-inducible protein-10, production by LPS- or CD40-stimulated spleen ce lls. The production of MDC, one of the ligands for CCR4 preferentially expr essed on Th2, was enhanced in nonstimulated, LPS-, CD40-, or CD3-stimulated spleen cells by the pretreatment with PGE(2), while the production of IFN- inducible protein-10, a representative ligand for CXC chemokine receptor 3 expressed on Th1, was suppressed. MDC production was also enhanced by IL-4, IL-5, and intracellular cAMP-elevating agents such as dibutyryl cAMP and 3 -isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and the effect of IL-4, IL-5, and ;PGE(2) was a dditive. However, the pretreatment with IL-6, IL-10, or TGF-beta, or the ne utralization of IFN-gamma or IL-12 had no effect on MDC production. B cells , macrophages, and dendritic cells were main producers of MDC, while T cell s produced only a small amount of MDC, MDC production by B cells was equall y stimulated by LPS and anti-CD40 Ab, while that by macrophages and dendrit ic cells was more markedly stimulated by anti-CD40 Ab, and PGE(2) further e nhanced MDC production by these stimulated cells. These results indicate th at PGE, regulates Th1/Th2-related chemokine production by B cells, macropha ges, and dendritic cells, and that this is a new function of PGE(2) for the regulation of Th2 immune responses at the induction and activation stages.