Gender, leadership and choice in multiparty systems

While a significant amount of research seeks to explain the comparative num ber of women in national legislatures, there is little research that examin es the effects of women's leadership of political parties on voting behavio r. This article brings together research on leadership effects in parliamen tary elections and female candidate effects in legislative races. Ideologic al, structural, and situational differences between men and women have been used to explain gender gaps in voting. We explore an alternative explanati on-gender identity. When women candidates are present, the gender identity hypothesis assumes that women voters are more likely to choose women candid ates because of gender. While this hypothesis has been tested in legislativ e races, it has not been applied to party leaders in parliamentary election s. We test the gender identity hypothesis in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Britain. We find that leadership evaluations affect vote choice across all countries but the effects of gender and the combined effects of gender and leadership differ across countries.