Interactive map projections and distortion

We introduce several new methods for visualizing map projections and their associated distortions. These methods are embodied in the Interactive Map P rojections system which allows users to view a representation of the Earth simultaneously as a sphere and as a projection with the ability; to interac t with both images. The relationship between the globe and the projection i s enhanced by the use of explicit visualization of the intermediate develop able geometric shapes used in the projection. A tool is built on top of the Interactive Map Projections system that provides a new method of visualizi ng map projection distortion. The central idea is one or more floating ring s on the globe that can be interactively positioned and scaled. As the ring s are manipulated on the globe, the corresponding projection of the rings a re distorted using the same map projection parameters. This method is appli ed to study areal and angular distortion and is particularly useful when an alyzing large geographical extents (such as in global climate studies) wher e distortions are significant, as well as visualizations for which informat ion is geo-referenced and perhaps scaled to the underlying map. The floatin g ring tool is further enhanced to study 3D data sets placed over or under map projections. Examples include atmospheric and oceanographic data, respe ctively. Here, the ring is extended into a cone with apex at the center of the sphere and emanating beyond the surface into the atmosphere. It serves as a reminder that distortion exists in maps and data overlayed over maps, and provides information about the degree, location, and type of distortion . (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved.