Recent studies, including those based on genomics, have demonstrated that b
esides toxins and adhesins, Bordetella pertussis uses many additional virul
ence determinants. Most of them are part of the BvgAS regulon, although som
e, in particular iron-uptake systems, are independent of BvgAS. They are re
gulated by iron. although in one case, the production of a siderophore rece
ptor could be linked to the BvgAS regulon.