Species-specific edge effects on nest success and breeding bird density ina forested landscape

Using natural nests of eight bird species, we provide one of the first mult ispecies tests for edge effects on reproductive success in a forested lands cape. Our primary objective was to assess whether distance to the edge of r ecent clearcuts was related to nesting success in intact northern hardwood forests. Estimated nest success was generally lower for the two ground-nest ing species than for the six canopy-nesting species. Brood parasitism was < 3% for species which typically accept eggs of the Brown-headed Cowbird (Mol othrus ater), and nest predation was the most common cause of nest failure. Probability of nest failure was influenced by distance to forest edge for the ground-nesting Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus) and Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), but not for six canopy-nesting species. For the Hermit Thrus h and Ovenbird, nest success relative to decreasing distance to the edge wa s reduced during the nestling stage, but not the incubation stage. Nest den sity appeared to be higher in forest zones near the clearcut edge for groun d-nesting and for several canopy-nesting species. Our data suggest that the effect of proximity to edge on nest success for ground-nesting species may penetrate 300 m into intact forest, while the effect of proximity to edge on nest density may penetrate farther. These data suggest that the creation of openings in forested landscapes reduces nest success and increases nest density for some species of migratory birds in a zone adjacent to the open ing. This pattern supports the notion that "ecological traps" may exist for ground-nesting birds in areas near recently created forest openings. Becau se areas of contiguous forest (e.g., publicly owned forest) in the Upper Gr eat Lakes remain relatively intact, they may serve as source habitat for re gional songbird metapopulations.