Using direct RT-PCR, Kashmir bee virus (KBV) was detected in the faecal mat
erial of worker and queen honey bees (Apis mellifera). This occurrence impl
ies that KBV could be transmitted horizontally in bee colonies without invo
lving the suspected mite vector, Varroa jacobsoni. The molecular techniques
described in this study can be used to certify KBV-free queens sold to bee
keepers.